In case you missed it, the Georgia Land Trust and Fort Stewart were recently highlighted by the New York Times for their cooperative conservation work on and around Fort Stewart through the Army’s Compatible Use Buffer (ACUB) Program. ACUB seeks to limit the complications arising from residential development encroaching on the base (for obvious reasons, military training exercises and community developments don’t mix) and to improve on the Army’s record of conservation. The program has been key in protecting a number of threatened species, such as the Red-Cockaded Woodpecker, Gopher Tortoise and the habitats they call home, such as the Longleaf Pine – Wiregrass Savannas which used to be common across the South. If you want to read the New York Times article, you can find it here. However, gaining a full understanding of why the Georgia Land Trust and Fort Stewart find protecting land in this area important, and those habitats and species unique to it requires some understanding of the region’s ecological history.
Image credit: Appalachian Woods
Historically speaking, Longleaf Pine Savannas were the dominant ecosystem of the Coastal Plain Southeast. At the time of Hernando DeSoto’s first European incursion into Southeastern interiors, Longleaf Pine Savannas stretched from Virginia to Eastern Texas, an ecosystem entirely unbroken over 2,000 miles except by the wide expanses of the Mississippi River. The naturalist William Bartram, roaming the Southeast in the 1780s and 90s, described the region as “a forest of the great long-leaved pine, the earth covered with grass, intersped with an infinite variety of herbaceous plants and embellished with extensive savannas, always green, sparkling with ponds of water.” These glowing commentaries might be surprising to the modern observer ranging over these same areas, who would see only densely planted stands of loblolly, slash and shortleaf pine, overgrown with juvenile hardwoods and thickets of woody shrubs, the worst being the dreaded chinese privet, which renders navigation in some pine stands impossible. Considering this, it’s hard to imagine the open parks described.
The "catfaces" notched to get resin for the turpentine industry.
Yet they were there, and it took several hundred years to slowly force the longleaves to retreat into their current, vestigial pockets. First came the Tarheels, who cut and burned swathes of forest to produce tar for the naval stores industry. Then came the turpentiners, the second use for pines for naval stores, whose notching “catfaces” into the sides of the pines often killed the tree and exposed them to fire, against which adult trees were generally immune. Finally, the pulpwood industry pushed the longleaf back into 5% of their original range by preferentially selecting the faster growing loblolly, shortleaf and slash pine for use in their plantations. The nascent economies of the Southeast, often perceived as having grown up on cotton and tobacco, were as much built around the bounty of the Longleaves. Finally, as timber companies began divesting themselves of some of their vast landholdings, sprawling neighborhoods consumed large areas of prime lands. This final assault on the forests of southeast Georgia is one of the key motivations for the ACUB program.
Very few mature Longleaf Pine forests exist today, and some of those forests are found on Fort Stewart and surrounding lands. The Red-Cockaded Woodpecker and Gopher Tortoise are highly dependent on Longleaf Pine Savannahs. The woodpecker is thought to require anywhere from 60 – 300 acres of pine savannah for foraging, and will only live in the cavities of mature, living pines. The forest floor has to be regularly burned as well. Destruction of mature forests and poor fire management has reduced the number of Red-Cockaded Woodpeckers from more than 1 million birds to somewhere in the vicinity of 12,000 today. Similarly, Gopher Tortoises require the loose, sandy soils of the savanna to dig their burrows, and can’t browse in the woody undergrowth of a poorly fire-managed forest, but require the grasses and leafy plants of an open environment. Gopher Tortoises too have been reduced across their range. Protecting both species assists more than their species alone, as reduction of their numbers has a multiplying effect across their ecosystem. Gopher Tortoises, for example, have been known to make burrows 40 feet long and nearly 9 feet deep, which is thought to help support 400 further species of animals and plants that rely on their long and deep burrows as both a home and shelter from fires. Some of these species can survive without the Gopher Tortoise, some can’t.
Image credit: Michael Rupert
The protection and management of the Longleaf Pine forests and the species that rely on it are not only important from an environmental standpoint, but also from one of our cultural history. Without their preservation into the future, it might be literally impossible to look across the land and understand the South as it used to be.
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If you would like to participate in the protection of your longleaf forest, other ecologically important lands, or lands around the Fort Stewart area in general, contact the Georgia Land Trust at: (912) 231-0507 or read more about us at galandtrust.org.
Sources:
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/ja/ja_rudolph013.pdf
http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/publications/pwdpubs/media/pwd_bk_w7000_0013_red_cockaded_woodpecker_mgmt.pdf
http://georgiawildlife.dnr.state.ga.us/content/displaypressrelease.asp?ArticleID=1318
Though not specifically used for this article, it borrows heavily from the experience of reading Lawrence Early’s Looking for Longleaf; The Fall and Rise of an American Forest, found here.
stitute (CEI) will be presenting diverse learning stations for kids from pre-k to grey. There will be a hay ride, bug hunt, a bird migration game, a 4-H River Kids safety course, and live animals, including reptiles and birds of prey.
Georgia-Alabama Land Trust, Inc. 